E-Bike? E-Moto? Class 1,2, 3?

E-bike (photo from Unsplash)

compiled from several sources

Laws governing electric-assisted bicycles on Michigan trails are fairly clear, but how people interpret them leads to confusion and conflicts.

First of all, here are the definitions of the electric-assisted bicycles.

Class 1 e-bike: Pedal-assist only, maximum speed of 20 mph, limited to 750 watts or less

Class 2 e-bike: Pedal-assist and throttle-assist, maximum speed of 20 mph, limited to 750 watts or less

Class 3 e-bike: Pedal-assist only, maximum speed of 28 mph, limited to 750 watts or less

E-motos: Not defined by the Michigan law, but these electric motorcycles, dirt bikes and mopeds may not need to be propelled by pedals and can exceed speeds of 30 mph

In 2024, Michigan lawmakers expanded the legal use of e-bikes. In addtion to being allowed on hardened trails they also became legal on dirt mountain bike trails and other bicycle trails. This is supposed to allow only Class 1 e-bikes.

People with mobility disabilities affecting their lower extremities may also get a permit to ride those trails on Class 2 e-bikes.

According to Michigan state law, all three classes of e-bikes are allowed on streets and bike lanes where traditional bikes are permitted. Class 1 e-bikes are generally allowed on non-motorized paved paths like rail-to-trail routes, unless restricted by a local authority, whereas class 2 and 3 e-bikes may be allowed on such trails if a local authority approves their use.

Electric bikes of any class or e-motos (essentially electric powered motorcycles since they have no pedal drive) are not registered, nor is any kind of license required to operate them.

But there are an increasing number of cycle/vehicle collisions, with two deaths in recent weeks. E-moto riders often use pathways where they are not allowed, disregarding regulations and harassing slower users.

Cities and counties are wrestling with how to define and regulate use, and how to police their final decisions.

See Bridge Michigan


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